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Sintzel MB, et al. Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review. Neurol Ther. 2018;7(1):59-85. Adults who are at risk of vitamin D deficiency should take a daily supplement of 10 micrograms of vitamin D, throughout the year. If you are taking the chewable tablet or wafers, chew the medication thoroughly before swallowing. Do not swallow whole wafers.
While some studies have found that vitamin D 3 raises 25(OH)D blood levels faster and remains active in the body longer, [143] [144] others contend that vitamin D 2 sources are equally bioavailable and effective as D 3 for raising and sustaining 25(OH)D. [134] [145] [146] Food preparation [ edit ] If your vitamin D levels are OK, or you want to prevent deficiency, you can buy lower dose colecalciferol from pharmacies and shops. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2016 [117] reviewed the current evidence, finding the relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentration and musculoskeletal health outcomes is widely variable. They considered that average requirements and population reference intakes values for vitamin D cannot be derived, and that a serum 25(OH)D concentration of 50 nmol/L was a suitable target value. For all people over the age of 1, including women who are pregnant or lactating, they set an adequate intake of 15 μg/day (600 IU). [117]Low circulating vitamin D levels have been associated with lower total testosterone levels in males. Vitamin D supplementation could potentially improve total testosterone concentration, although more research is needed. [27] Other diseases [ edit ] However, you don’t need to sunbathe to meet your vitamin D needs (and protecting yourself from the sun is still important to decrease the risk of skin cancer). As long as the temperature outside is above 45 degrees fahrenheit, 20 minutes or so of sun exposure on the face and arms is generally enough to produce enough vitamin D in your skin to maintain vitamin D sufficiency, notes Dr. White. When exposed to sunlight, our bodies will naturally make vitamin D3. This process happens when ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from the sun triggers the 7-dehydrocholesteol to produce D3. Research suggests that everyone over the age of one years should have a daily intake of at least 10µg of Vitamin D per day to protect bone and muscle health. Government advice is that everyone should consider taking a daily vitamin D supplement, especially during the autumn and winter. Because Vitamin D and calcium are related too much Vitamin D can lead to Calcium issues. These issues include, Hypercalcemia, Kidney Stones and Kidney damage. A study published in 2017 assessed the prevalence of high daily intake levels of supplemental vitamin D among adults ages 20+ in the United States, based on publicly available NHANES data from 1999 through 2014. Its data shows the following:
Cholecalciferol is also produced industrially for use in vitamin supplements from lichens, which is suitable for vegans. [42] [43] Stability [ edit ] Gou X, Pan L, Tang F, Gao H, Xiao D (August 2018). "The association between vitamin D status and tuberculosis in children: A meta-analysis". Medicine. 97 (35): e12179. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000012179. PMC 6392646. PMID 30170465. Speaking with your doctor can help determine the right amount of vitamin D for you. Blood samples are needed to run a 25-hydroxy (or 25-OH) vitamin D test. This blood test is best way to determine how much Vitamin D is in your body. Cholecalciferol is very sensitive to UV radiation and will rapidly, but reversibly, break down to form supra-sterols, which can further irreversibly convert to ergosterol. [ citation needed] Pesticide [ edit ] The VDR regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. Vitamin D also affects the immune system, and VDRs are expressed in several white blood cells, including monocytes and activated T and B cells. [21] In vitro, vitamin D increases expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in adrenal medullary cells, and affects the synthesis of neurotrophic factors, nitric oxide synthase, and glutathione. [22]The active vitamin D metabolite calcitriol mediates its biological effects by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is principally located in the nuclei of target cells. [1] [16] The binding of calcitriol to the VDR allows the VDR to act as a transcription factor that modulates the gene expression of transport proteins (such as TRPV6 and calbindin), which are involved in calcium absorption in the intestine. [18] The vitamin D receptor belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily of steroid/thyroid hormone receptors, and VDRs are expressed by cells in most organs, including the brain, heart, skin, gonads, prostate and breast. a b "Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin D". ods.od.nih.gov. 11 February 2016. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016 . Retrieved 30 December 2016. Vitamin D is essential for immune health and disease prevention. In fact, some research suggests vitamin D deficiency could worsen or increase the incidence of certain autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis [3] Ao T, et al. The Effects of Vitamin D on Immune System and Inflammatory Diseases. Biomolecules. 2021;11(11):1624. . “There is also evidence that maintaining vitamin D sufficiency reduces the long-term risk of developing certain types of cancer,” adds Dr. White.
Trials have demonstrated lower vitamin D levels are highly prevalent in people with schizophrenia, particularly those with acute episodes. [100] Pregnancy [ edit ] Another surprising thing about vitamin D3? It’s not actually a vitamin, but a pro-hormone. It’s considered a pro-hormone because the body is able to produce it on its own by absorbing sunlight on the skin. A 2014 review concluded that the most advantageous serum levels for 25(OH)D for all outcomes appeared to be close to 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L). [152] The optimal vitamin D levels are still controversial and another review concluded that ranges from 30 to 40 ng/mL (75 to 100 nmol/L) were to be recommended for athletes. [153] Part of the controversy is because numerous studies have found differences in serum levels of 25(OH)D between ethnic groups; studies point to genetic as well as environmental reasons behind these variations. [154] Supplementation to achieve these standard levels could cause harmful vascular calcification. [33]Several forms ( vitamers) of vitamin D exist. [1] The two major forms are vitamin D 2 or ergocalciferol, and vitamin D 3 or cholecalciferol. [1] Vitamin D without a subscript refers to either D 2 or D 3, or both, and is known collectively as calciferol. [ citation needed] Cholecalciferol is converted in the liver to calcifediol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol); ergocalciferol is converted to 25-hydroxyergocalciferol. [1] These two vitamin D metabolites (called 25-hydroxyvitamin D or 25(OH)D) are measured in serum to determine a person's vitamin D status. [6] [7] Calcifediol is further hydroxylated by the kidneys and some of the immune system cells to form calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol), the biologically active form of vitamin D. [8] [9] Calcitriol circulates as a hormone in the blood, having a major role regulating the concentration of calcium and phosphate, and promoting the healthy growth and remodeling of bone. [1] Calcitriol also has other effects, including some on cell growth, neuromuscular and immune functions, and reduction of inflammation. [2] Vitamin D from the diet, or from skin synthesis, is biologically inactive. It is activated by two protein enzyme hydroxylation steps, the first in the liver and the second in the kidneys. [1] [4] Because vitamin D can be synthesized in adequate amounts by most mammals if they get enough sunlight, it is not essential and therefore is technically not a vitamin. [3] Instead it can be considered a hormone, with activation of the vitamin D pro-hormone resulting in the active form, calcitriol, which then produces effects via a nuclear receptor in multiple locations. [3]
It is recommended that you take vitamin D if you have a deficiency, or to prevent a deficiency if you: Still, taking extremely high doses of vitamin D for an extended period can cause vitamin D toxicity, which can lead to elevated levels of calcium in the blood, Schleiger explains. “[This] can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, weakness, excessive thirst, frequent urination and, in severe cases, kidney stones or organ damage,” she says.Brouwer DA, van Beek J, Ferwerda H, Brugman AM, van der Klis FR, van der Heiden HJ, Muskiet FA (June 1998). "Rat adipose tissue rapidly accumulates and slowly releases an orally-administered high vitamin D dose". The British Journal of Nutrition. 79 (6): 527–532. doi: 10.1079/BJN19980091. PMID 9771340. We investigated the effect of oral high-dose cholecalciferol on plasma and adipose tissue cholecalciferol and its subsequent release, and on plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). ... We conclude that orally-administered cholecalciferol rapidly accumulates in adipose tissue and that it is very slowly released while there is energy balance. Over 3% of the population exceeds the NIH daily tolerable upper intake level ( UL) of 4000 IU, [2] above which level the risk of toxic effects increases. [166] [165] Your skin is your largest organ and vitamin D is critical to its health. The active form of Vitamin D (calcitriol) helps with skin repair and growth. Vitamin D3 is the precursor to Calcitriol. As you get older your body loses the ability to produce D3 which leads to a weaker immune system and weaker skin. 3) Healthy Muscles Chemically, the various forms of vitamin D are secosteroids, that is, steroids in which one of the bonds in the steroid rings is broken. [16] The structural difference between vitamin D 2 and vitamin D 3 is in the side chain, which contains a double bond, between carbons 22 and 23, and a methyl group on carbon 24 in vitamin D 2. [4] Many vitamin D analogues have been synthesized. [4] Biology [ edit ] Calcium regulation in the human body. [17] The role of active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, calcitriol) is shown in orange.
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